الاستخدامات والتطبيقات في مجال الأرصاد الجوية والمجال العسكري.....Uses and applications in the field of meteorology and the military

Uses and applications in the field of meteorology and the military



First: the uses and applications in the field of meteorology

The meteorological one of the applications of civil, which has benefited early from remote sensing techniques. Consideration could be given to the sensor in this case that the control tower is too high, and can detect a very wide area of the Earth's surface and atmosphere that period, so he can give some accurate information on weather phenomena, such as cloud formations, and movement.

1. Atmosphere

Enveloping the globe layer of gas, up to a thickness of about 1000 km. This is thin when compared to the radius of the Earth, which is about 6000 km. Within this atmosphere, all weather phenomena occur, which is the science of meteorology study.

The main features of the atmosphere are:

A. Temperature: They are subjected to a great disparity between different regions and different layers of the atmosphere.

B. Pressure: is the force acting on the surface of things.

C. Humidity: The percentage of water vapor mixed with air.

D. Wind: reflect the movement of air at a certain point.

2. The importance of meteorology

Lead meteorology major and vital role in developing the economy of various countries of the world, whatever the level reached by the State concerned. And not by coincidence that the countries that have advanced economies are benefiting, to the maximum extent, of meteorological information.

A program of economic development must be to draw attention to climate and weather. Determines weather, throughout the year, the type of agriculture, agricultural production, and increase or decrease in the amount of water and rain, and economic management of the dams, the appropriateness of different places for human activities. And also affects the security and convenience in transport and communications services.

Perhaps the most important humanitarian activities, which could benefit from the meteorological services, are fishing, agriculture, air transport, construction, road and maritime transport, telecommunications, energy production, tourism, and management of dams and water control, and industry.

And also can not overlook the importance of the impact of weather and climate in military operations, and the outcome of wars. It is not evidenced by a stinging defeat for the armies of the Third Reich before the winter of Russia, which has frozen German soldiers in World War II. One of the main reasons for the end of the war to defeat Germany.

3. Weather forecasting

Forecasting ancient science, before the launch of satellites and space exploration, and is by meteorological stations scattered throughout the world, these stations provide forecasters with information on the air and many of its elements, degrees of heat, pressure, wind speed, and others.

And meteorological services have benefited from scientific progress that has occurred in the last century, where he began to develop new ways to monitor the development of the atmosphere, using balloons, balloons, aircraft and satellites to obtain information on the different layers of the atmosphere at the same time established an integrated global system of ground stations and ships to monitor the atmosphere and exchange of information about him on a regular basis.

And is divided into weather forecasting to predict the short-and medium-and long-term, and less accurate prediction, of course, the higher the duration. In general, reliable weather forecasts accurately with no more than a day or some days. Used to predict the most accurate and more complex computers such as computer power Ultra Super computer, known as "Cry" CRAY.

4. The use of mathematical models

Not predict weather through mathematical models Mathematical Models to simulate what happens in nature, and therefore the time of the conclusion of various weather events and location, and broadcast to act as the dictates of the situation.

The information is entered for heavy layers of the atmosphere with the wind and traffic information from other information in mathematical models, which can - based on this information - to give information and forecasts, more precisely, on the state of the atmosphere for the longer term. The more timely information available to the computers predict weather, the results were more accurate.

The keys of mathematical models for the movement of air is the distribution of pressure, temperature, atmospheric density and thickness, and the movement of wind. And wind movements can be calculated indirectly by monitoring the movement of clouds from satellites are static, and can for this purpose the representation of the satellite Brasd too high from the ground Ptlscobat provider of high capacity in both the visible and thermal bands, and recorded that observer movement of clouds near the Earth's surface and include temperatures within the cloud layers.

5. Control of the atmosphere in the world

In 1963 established the International Organization for Meteorological Observing System of the atmosphere in the world called the World Weather Watch, and contribute to all countries in the world. Today there are about 900 ground control station and about 7 thousand ship monitoring and control covering all oceans as well as reports of commercial aircraft and sent at the present time about 10 thousand a report in one day.

The entry of satellite and add a new element to the new technologies and means of monitoring the atmosphere, and entered this element of impressive large network World Meteorological Organization. On the other hand there are regional organizations for cooperation in the use of satellites in meteorology in certain areas, such as Europe and East Asia.

And competent regional organizations using satellites in meteorology Iimutsat Eumetsat organization which was established in May 24, 1983 with a view to establishing and operating a network of meteorological satellites based on the satellite "Meteosat" European.

6. The role of satellites in meteorology

Satellites can determine the thickness of the layers of the atmosphere as well, and is useful in determining the area of high pressure and low air currents and the distribution of temperature, is done by measuring the so-called gradual warming vertical. Since we can not, of course, put thermometers at each km of the high atmosphere, it should seek another way to measure the temperatures of successive layers of the atmosphere.

And measuring the temperature thermometers is the use of mediation to the phenomenon of conduction, but the temperature measurement is mediated by satellite by measuring the thermal radiation, and is done because the atmosphere as the rays of light that sees it absorbs the radiation of other ultraviolet to gamma rays to varying degrees. The infrared absorption by the various components of the atmosphere makes it possible to measure the thermal gradient.

Is similar to monitor the movement of clouds for detail visible on the surface of the earth, Valsahab can be seen and photographed clearly, and concludes that the movement of clouds change their positions with time, and of which can determine the speed of the wind. Therefore, the technology is used here unfamiliar, and not the new, updated techniques for visual monitoring of high altitudes.

7. The importance of infrared

Infrared rays that come from the top of the atmosphere to be measured is mediated by the satellite-ray came out after it has been absorbing some of them [1], and therefore contain information on the amount of absorption, which was all the classes, one after the other, which depends on temperature only.

Thus its frequency degrees of thermal radiation, at different altitudes, can be calculated temperatures at these altitudes. By integrating the results of thermal gradient measurements with the pressure, at different elevations, you can calculate the density layers of the atmosphere in a particular area of the globe.

8. Meteorological satellite

Satellites are used in monitoring the air, either through satellites in polar orbits, orbiting the earth at certain periods to depict weather phenomena that fall under the track, or through satellites are static, or fixed geographically, over a certain area, to follow the weather phenomena that occur in region.

Can now get the weather over a large area by means of images captured by satellites during the day and night, using infrared. They can also get a realistic picture of the distributions of clouds over a large area at the time of image capture.

An analysis of clouds captured by the satellite is selected low-air centers, centers of tropical cyclones roller. By comparing successive images can easily determine the movement of air and low-growth, and thus can see the impending changes in weather conditions well in advance.

It can measure the temperature of sea water, and by comparing these images with other forms of record. And experimentally, showing that there is an error about 1-2 degrees Celsius in this picture, which is a big mistake, and attempts are underway to get the lowest possible error in measuring the temperature of sea water by satellite.

9. Types of meteorological satellites

Meteorological satellites covering the whole globe as a whole, and is divided into two complementary ways:

A. The first group, a tropical satellites, spin into orbit at the equator, GOES satellites, including the U.S., satellite "Meteosat" METEOSAT European (see the picture of the moon Mitusat) satellites, "Les Demoiselles" INSAT Hindi, Japanese GMS satellite series.

B. The second group, a polar satellite, and in polar orbit, including satellites, "Tiros" TIROS, NOAA satellites and the U.S. satellites, "Mithor" METEOR Russian.

A. Examples of tropical moons

Those satellites in geostationary orbit geographically, at the equator, seems static. And each covering a particular area, and therefore directly benefit a particular country, or group of States, which are the normally, which will launch the satellite, and affordable.

There are several sets of these satellites:

(1) Group GOES satellites launched by the United States, in the orbit of a fixed geographical Geostationary Orbit, and covering North America and South America and the Pacific Ocean.

(2) a satellite "Meteosat" METEOSAT, the European satellites, orbiting in the same orbit, has begun its launch in 1977, and covers Europe, Africa and the Middle East. And multiple releases in case of failure of some functions of the moon, or to be replaced, after the end of its useful life.

(3) a satellite constellation "Les Demoiselles" INSAT, the Indian satellites, orbiting in the disk itself, around the equator, covering the sub-continent, Hindi, Indian Ocean and part of Asia.

(4) a Japanese GMS satellites, these satellites cover the Pacific Ocean and Australia.

B. Examples of polar satellites

Polar orbiting satellite in an orbit perpendicular to the equatorial orbit disk, and contains several sets of satellites, such as:

(1) a satellite constellation, "TIROS" TIROS of America, which spin at an altitude of 800 km from the Earth's surface. Has launched seven satellites of this group.

(2) Group of the American NOAA satellites, and orbiting at an altitude of 800 km, and give the meteorological data, each hemisphere, every six hours.

(3) a satellite constellation, "Meteor" METEOR Russian, and spin at an altitude of 800 kilometers. Satellites have been launched to the "Meteor -1" METEOR-I, followed by satellite program "Meteor -2" METEOR II and "Meteor -3" METEOR III.

(4) China's Moon "The Art of Korea" Fen Yang.

It can receive data directly from the satellite using small units and low cost. The accuracy of the image on the rate of transmission, and use of global systems of different frequencies for transmission, both in the spectrum of very high, or into the S-band, with the appearance of the image directly on the computer screen.

Is the polar satellite launch of the United States from a U.S. air bases in California, a satellite of the National Authority for Research on Oceans and the nature of air. Using rocket-type "Atlas", where private satellite meteorology at the top of the rocket. After launch, the duration of full and accurate operations would start sending data automatically from the moon.

C. Polar satellite data management

By ground stations data management by using the polar satellite antennas huge, 26 meters in diameter, operating in the frequency range S-band, and some stations that can capture data and manage up to 8 cycles per passage of the moon in the day.

Coordination between the different stations to receive the remaining messages the rest of the satellites, then the exchange of information and integration between the ground stations within the United States. But there are still data will not be captured, Veetm captured by the Information Center main weather in France, which sends this information using the transmission system to a particular satellite is relatively static [2] GOES.

And take advantage of satellite data for these thousands of bodies around the world, and will be sending the data and information using international protocols meteorological, and by a specialized laboratory performs some operations on them before sending continued to the National Authority for Research on ocean and weather conditions. As in the polar satellite, it is the system of linking using 14 different frequencies for handling information and meteorological data.

10. Evolution of the use of satellites in meteorology

The first satellite was used in the meteorological satellite is the "Navigator -7" Explorer-7, launched in the United States in 1959, and was carrying the first experiment to measure the changes in the atmosphere. This was followed by a series of satellites, "Tiros" TIROS.

And the moon was "TIROS - A" is the first satellite, which first launched in April 1960, which record pictures and infrared cloud formations in the lower atmosphere.

He was from this group of seven satellites between 1960-1963 m, placed in the semi-polar orbit at an altitude of 800 km, and the orbital period is the Moon around the Earth about its 100 minutes. This group demonstrated the effectiveness of the use of satellites to monitor and control the weather.

11. The second program of the Meteorological

The program included a second by using meteorological satellite, launched nine satellites at an altitude of 1600 kilometers in the period from 1966 - 1969.

And in 1970 launched the first satellite of the model, "TIROS-plus", which was called "ethos" ITOS to capture visual images and thermal pools of clouds with an accuracy of one kilometer. This is sufficient accuracy to distinguish the configurations of clouds task, including the high and low.

At about the same period of the former Soviet Union launched a series of satellites "Cosmos", which they serve different purposes, both military and civilian, including meteorological, and this series will be satellites "Cosmos -144" and "Cosmos -156" basis of meteorological called "Meteor" .

12. Satellites "Nimbus"

In 1964 launched the U.S. space agency, "NASA" the first satellite of a series called "Nimbus" Nimbus, and allocated to test new technologies, this group carried a series of advanced equipment, has allocated the first moon of the visual and thermal imaging and carry the Moon "Nimbus -4" in April 1970 The first devices to measure the vertical thermal gradient.

In December 1972 Download "Nimbus-5" cameras able to see through the clouds. The equipment carried by the "nimbus -6" are carried by satellites since the 1978 measurements, used by the Agency and the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric NOAA, the body entrusted with the follow-up meteorological research in America. The photos confirmed the Moon "Nimbus -7" a hole in the ozone layer.

13. Simultaneous satellite program

The satellite program concurrent meteorological and known as GOES, in addition to the U.S. satellite meteorological polar-orbiting satellites known as the "NOAA" NOAA contribution to the United States space program of the World Meteorological Organization, which contribute to the Europe, Russia, India and Japan, is expected to contribute China.

14. U.S. National Center for Meteorological Satellites

The United States established the National Center for meteorological satellites, and the development of this center to the center of weather information service using satellites. This center has established the first field station of the Meteorological dealing with satellite data. The mission of the station to send messages to the satellite centers follow-up weather, so as to provide immediate warning of the earth stations, regarding the rapid evolution or sudden weather conditions.

In the United States of America four stations to send data to the Center for Weather Forecasts in the U.S. "San Francisco", the Centers for marine cyclone forecasts in the "Miami", Storm Prediction Center and the air in the "Kansas." Recently established three other centers.

15. Meteorological Information Center

Center has been established meteorological information, to broadcast meteorological information to the stations and centers follow-up to the weather. Center also provided the possibility of transferring color images, and track their movement over time, using computers, to see the evolution of attitudes of various air, as well as weather reporting, which have evolved subsequently, to include follow-up to global climate, and to conduct studies to learn of developments in the environment and climate, studies the different rainfall , which lead to flooding, and follow-up dust storms and depressions air ... etc..

It also included the study of concentrations of carbon dioxide, ozone, and the movement of chemicals and radiation in various disasters systems using simulation Simulation using the computer, and study the Earth's heat balance and heat exchange between the oceans, earth and air, in the Forecast Center for that purpose.

The development of this use of the United States to include many countries, with support from the International Meteorological Organization, the United Nations, and benefit from currently more than 140 countries in the world.

16. Moon, "La Crosse"

The satellite was launched, "La Crosse" Lacrosse on board the space shuttle into orbit 800 kilometers high. The satellite carries a radar prospecting permit a hole to take pictures of all weather conditions.

17. Increasing number of States which launches meteorological satellite

I realized many countries, the direct benefit derived from the meteorological satellites and fired several countries - including developing countries - of its own meteorological. One of these States, Europe, Japan and India. These satellites satellites static, each covering a particular area, and therefore directly benefit a particular country or group of States, which are the normally, which will launch the satellite and affordable.

Italy has launched small satellites for meteorological and environmental service to automatically send the data instantly to the ground receiving stations deployed. The output of the system of cooperation between the Italian Space Agency and the German company Kayser Threde and consists of two satellites of the small size of the Micro Satellite Ground Control, one in Rome and one in Munich, and ground receiving station is small.

The satellite was launched Temisat -1, which weighs 42 kilograms Russian booster rocket "Cyclone" Cyclon and the moon in the form of a cube 40 × 40 × 40 cm and covered with light-cell electricity supply and sends the data to ground stations by 72 kb / s.

Second: the uses and military applications

Increased the importance of space for military action has become a fourth stage of the military operations theaters after land, sea and air, and which is now possible to implement many of the tasks such as intelligence, surveillance and monitoring and early warning of ballistic missiles, navigation, communications and weather forecasting and climate.

It would seem that the fundamental goals of space activities include targets purely utilitarian relatively easy to identify costs and benefits, and other targets may be costs and benefits difficult to identify. And a military application which are of national interest is one of these categories of utilitarian goals, including the second category of civilian applications of space techniques to serve the public interest capable of public services to cover its costs in the market.

1. Types of military applications

Can be classified as military applications of space programs to: defensive applications and other offensive and defensive applications was the dominant so far, the credit is due, to a large extent, to a series of agreements and resolutions of the mother Nations concerning the peaceful uses of outer space.

There is some convincing to say that the exchange of varieties developed from surveys among all parties, which are likely to become adversarial, will reduce the tension around the world, Giving alerts prior deployment of troops and military equipment, will reduce the element of surprise, and provides a longer time of intensive negotiations.

There is no doubt that the military uses of space was the most powerful incentives for the subsequent efforts of space, but the former U.S. President Lyndon Johnson once said: "The benefits of the satellite system of the United States military returned to the poll, more than we spent on our entire national space."

2. Satellite images in the wars in the Gulf <br> <br> known that the images collected by satellites, "Spot" SPOT sold to the Gulf States during the Iraq war - Iran, including pictures of the area of Basra Shatt al-Arab, FAO, and this information is available to all who can pay for them, either of the two warring countries or from the media. <br> <br> In the war to liberate Kuwait, there were more than 12 military satellites with the support of U.S. forces in the Middle East, where the functions of early warning, detection, and espionage-mail, navigation, and meteorology in order to monitor movements in Iraq. <br> <br> 3. Dealing with satellite images in the Gulf War <br> <br> photographs were taken address on board the satellite, and store digital images, and then transmitted to a remote ground stations in the "Greenland" Greenland and the Pacific, and then re-broadcast these images to " National Imaging Center "in Washington by commercial satellites, and from there be transferred to the leadership of the Central Intelligence at the White House and other security agencies. <br> <br> The U.S. Navy ships provide communications between each other, as well as between each ship and the beach by the satellites of the Navy's Special models FltSatcom and Syncom IV which operate in stable orbits. <br> <br> 4. Transfer pictures to the soldiers through the Internet <br> <br> U.S. military has conducted an experiment to transfer images via satellite earth station called "Eagle Vision" Eagle Vision II to the combat units. Using these images, you can send soldiers to the station raw images, received from the satellite, for a given area, through the Internet INTERNET to all enquirers at the time did not exceed one hour. <br> <br> This system is designed to provide satellite images in real time Real Time. The ground station consists of a bowl diameter of 5.4 meters, and a trailer 34 feet in length, and can be transported on two C-130 aircraft to anywhere in the world. <br> <br> 5. Potential station "Eagle Vision" <br> <br> run the station with a crew of seven soldiers and three civilians, 24 hours a day. The station can deal with several satellites to receive the pictures, black and white, of the goals the floor, with dimensions greater than ten meters, and color images of targets with dimensions greater than 20 meters. <br> <br> Beginning in the summer of 2000 began a commercial satellite images of the station to supply up until the dimensions of one meter, black and white, and four meters, colorful. The station can also receive radar images during the day and night in all weather conditions. <br> <br> station has been developed by Eagle Vision II National Reconnaissance Office National Reconnaissance Office (NRO) for the supply of U.S. military commanders secret images of others for use in military purposes, and in disaster conditions, in the planning of tasks, and the choice of targets, or to determine the size of the losses. <br> <br>